China used clay with low impurities more than 4000 years ago to burn pottery and was able to cast bronze ware. During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD), clay refractory materials were used as kiln materials and saggers for firing porcelain. At the beginning of the 20th century, refractory materials developed towards high purity, high density, and ultra-high temperature products, while also developing amorphous refractory materials and high refractory fibers (used in industrial kilns above 1600 ℃) that did not require firing and had low energy consumption. The former, such as aluminum oxide refractory concrete, is commonly used for the inner wall of the secondary conversion furnace in large chemical plants' synthetic ammonia production equipment, with good results. Since the 1950s, the rapid development of atomic energy technology, space technology, and new energy development technology has required the use of special refractory materials with comprehensive excellent performance such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, heat shock resistance, and erosion resistance, such as oxides with a melting point above 2000 ℃, refractory compounds, and high-temperature composite refractory materials.
Refractory materials from ancient, medieval, and Renaissance eras, refractory materials for blast furnaces, coke ovens, and hot air stoves before and after industrial * * *, new types of refractory materials and their manufacturing processes in the later modern period, modern refractory material manufacturing technology and major technological advancements, and prospects for future development of refractory materials. Refractory materials and high-temperature technology emerged together, roughly originating from the mid Bronze Age. During the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, clay refractory materials were used as kiln materials and saggers for firing porcelain. At the beginning of the 20th century, refractory materials developed towards high purity, high density, and ultra-high temperature products, while at the same time, amorphous refractory materials and refractory fibers appeared that did not require firing and had low energy consumption. In modern times, with the development of atomic energy technology, space technology, and new energy technology, it has high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal vibration resistance, and resistance to
Refractory materials
Refractory materials with excellent comprehensive performance such as erosion have been applied. There are many factories in China that produce refractory products. China has abundant resources, and it is precisely for this reason that major foreign investors have also come to China to showcase their skills and talents. In the northeast of China, there is an extremely abundant supply of refractory material suppliers, which has led other foreign investors to question their low export prices. As a result, in 2003, the European Union proposed anti-dumping measures against new refractory material products in China, which led to the export of products to the European Union. In 2006, in order to protect the massive loss of raw material resources, China implemented product tax rebates for some industries, greatly promoting the export of * * * products. But this cannot be largely attributed to the sales of some foreign brands, as they have decades or even hundreds of years of sales and production experience, have greatly occupied the market, and have also established their brand effects on various continents.
1. Improve the comprehensive utilization level and guarantee capability of resources.
By 2015, high-end refractory materials will be basically self-sufficient. The comprehensive utilization rate of magnesite ore resources will not be less than 90%, and the comprehensive utilization rate of refractory clay ore resources will not be less than 80%. By 2020, the comprehensive utilization rates of the two types of ore resources will be higher than 95% and 90%, respectively.
2. Increase efforts in energy conservation and emission reduction.
By 2015, the energy efficiency level of the main energy consuming equipment has reached level one, and the comprehensive energy consumption of the main products has decreased by more than 20% compared to 2010. The total emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides have decreased by more than 8% and 10% respectively compared to 2010. The recycling and reuse rate of refractory materials after use is not less than 50%. By 2020, the recycling rate of refractory materials after use will be higher than 75%.
3. Improve industrial concentration ratio.
By 2015, 2 to 3 enterprises with international competitiveness will be formed, and several new industrial demonstration bases will be established. The industry concentration ratio of the top 10 enterprises will reach 25%. By 2020, the industrial concentration ratio of the top 10 enterprises will increase to 45%.
The workability of refractory materials includes consistency, slump, flowability, plasticity, adhesion, rebound, setting, hardening, etc.
